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Tuesday, August 10, 2010
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING
We live in a fast changing world of technology. Information and communications technology (ICT) is a force that has brought new challenges in many aspects of the way we live. One of such challenges is the growing use of ICT in language teaching and learning. Language as a functional tool used in communication is also dynamic. The importance of language teaching and learning has long been recognized and acknowledged globally. Given this fact, therefore, the learner and teacher of any language should be adequately and properly equipped for maximum competence in the given language. The aim of this paper is therefore to examine the various roles of ICT in language teaching and learning that will help make headway in the global communication needs and also meet up with challenges of the digital world. The paper highlighted the tremendous roles which ICT now plays in language teaching and learning. The paper recommended increased awareness in ICT application, ICT training, staff motivation and adequate funding of language teaching and learning centers.
INTRODUCTION
Oxford Companion of English Language describes Language as “a human system of physical signs”. (p. 523). The perception of language varies with individuals. Some perceive language as a cognitive or mental phenomenon which relates to behavior that is controlled by maturation which manifests certain peculiarities at different stages of an individual’s intellectual development. It can also be perceived as a social phenomenon – a kind of social behavior determined by the status, functions and varieties of the language (McArthur, 1996); Unoh,(1975);1982. Basically language is man’s most important feature, the vehicle for communication and a good instrument for thought and creativity.
Language provides such a fascinating object of study because of its role in capturing the breath of human thought and endeavour. When we look around us, we are awed by the variety of several thousands of languages expressing a multiplicity of world views, literatures and ways of life. If we look back at the thoughts of our predecessors, we can find and see only as far as language lets us see. Then when we look forward in time, we can find and plan only through language. Further more, when we look outward in space and in the modern 21st century dominated by electronic devices and other manifestations of modern technology, we also see that the need of language becomes even more imperative. Thus it can be seen that language has necessarily maintained and fulfilled a fundamental objective, namely that of a universal means of human communication. It still remains at the very heart of man’s existence. Language is also critical for the overall socio-economic and political development of any nation. (Emenanjo, 1999).
Teaching is a process of guiding someone to acquire knowledge or follow specific instructions. Successfully teaching however, depends largely upon effective learning. In other words, the proof of teaching is in the learning (Cook 1996:3). The implication here is that for learning to take place, a lot depends on the teacher who facilitates the process of learning. Learners themselves must satisfy certain conditions to learn adequately and effectively. It is against this background that this paper discusses the role of ICT in enhancing language teaching and learning.
THE CONCEPT OF ICT
ICT is an acronym that stands for Information and Communications Technology. The Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) defines ICT as “the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer based information systems. It deals with the use of electronic computer and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and securely retrieve information. Popular opinions however have it that ICT has no universally accepted definition because the concept, methods and applications involved in ICT are constantly evolving. This follows that it is difficult to keep up with the changes that are happening in ICT so fast.
ICT can be considered as the uses of digital technology that already exists to help individuals, businesses and organizations access information. It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form. For example, personal computers, digital television, e-mail, robots, etc. More importantly it is also concerned with the way these different uses can work with each other.
In business, ICT is categorized into two broad types of product:
1. The traditional computer based technologies (things you can typically do on a personal computer or using computers at home or at workplace); and
2. The more recent, and fastest growing range of digital communication technologies (which allows people and organizations to communicate and share information)
Generally the kinds of products and ideas that are covered by ICT include the following:
Application Use:
Standard Office Applications - Main Examples
Word processing
E.g. Microsoft Word: Write letters, reports, etc.
Spreadsheets E.g. Microsoft Excel; Analyze financial information; calculations; create forecasting models, etc.
Database software E.g. Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Access; Managing data in many forms, from basic lists (e.g. customer contacts through to complex material (e.g. catalogue)
Presentation software E.g. Microsoft PowerPoint; make presentations, either directly using a computer screen or data projector. Publish in digital format via email or over the Internet.
Desktop publishing E.g. Adobe Indesign, Quark Express, Microsoft Publisher; produce newsletters, magazines and other complex documents.
Graphics software E.g. Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator; Macromedia Freehand and Fireworks; create and edit images such as logos, drawings or pictures for use in DTP, web sites or other publications
Specialist Applications - Examples (there are many!)
Accounting package E.g. Sage, Oracle; Manage an organization’s accounts including revenues/sales, purchases, bank accounts, etc. A wide range of systems is available ranging from basic packages suitable for small businesses through to sophisticated ones aimed at multinational companies.
Computer Aided Design Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computers to assist the design process. Specialized CAD programs exist for many types of designs: architectural, engineering, electronics, roadways
Customer Relations Management (CRM) Software that allows businesses to better understand their customers by collecting and analyzing data on them such as their product preferences, buying habits, etc. Often linked to software applications that run call centers and loyalty cards for example.
Internal networks Usually referred to as a local area network (LAN), this involves linking a number of hardware items (input and output devices plus computer processing) together within an office or building.
External networks Often you need to communicate with someone outside your internal network; in this case you will need to be part of a Wide Area Network (WAN). The Internet is the ultimate WAN - it is a vast network of networks.
BENEFITS OF ICT TO LANGUAGE TEACNING AND LEARNING
Some of the early technologies came in 1960s notably in the use of cassettes, headphones and microphones in the language laboratory. With the introduction of ICT thus came a new approach to language teaching and learning using computer assisted learning (CAL) micro computers. Quality CAL softwares provided yet another medium for learning language “At present, there are a variety of computer applications available including vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation checkers, electronic workbooks, programs . . “ (Singhal 1997 . .2). Many of the CAL softwares came with various authoring packages to allow language teachers to create their own exercises to supplement existing language courses. In English language teaching for example, varieties of CAL programs have been developed for students to practice. These are in the four language skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Available also are programmes in grammar, language function and vocabulary. These can be downloaded from the following sites on the internet.
Grammar exercise: http://www.camsoftpartners.co.uk/clef.htm
Listening and pronunciation
i. Listen, repeat and compare
http://www.camsoftpartners.co.uk/clef.htm
ii. Automatic speech recognition e.g. Aura log’s Tell Me More CD-ROM
http://www.camsoftpartners.co.uk/clef.htm
Authoring
i. Hot potatoes. This has become a popular multi-purpose web-based authoring tool, developed at the University of Victoria, Canada.
http://www.ecml.at/projects/voll/graz2000/datadriven_learning/tools/index.htm
ii. Wida software’s multipurpose package. Authoring suite
http://www.wida.co.uk
Computer Aided Assessment
Computer aided Assessment (CAA) is playing and increasingly important role in English Language Teaching (ELT). The following web sites cover the subject in detail.
i. http://www.well.ac.uk
ii. http://www.well.ac.uk/language_excercise
Referencing
CD-ROMs and the web provide language learners with source of information for language learning tasks and activities. Examples are:
i. Online dictionaries e.g. Cambridge Dictionaries Online. http://www.dictionary.combridge.org
ii. Link everything online. http://dict.leo.org
Publishing
A good number of tools exist to help language teachers and learners work on their writing / publishing collaboratively. Language teachers’ colleagues can use ICT to help them publish their work in some of the following ways:
a. Word-processor and Desk Top Publishing (DTP) software.
b. Audio recording and editing tools to record interviews, discussions, etc.
c. PowerPoint as an aid to handling large classes and for public presentations.
Communicating
Language teachers and learners can use ICT to help them communicate with one another. This can be achieved in the following ways.
Emails: Allows language learners to communicate with ‘web pals’ in other countries and towns. Some examples are:
i. European School net. http://www.eun.org2/eun/en/index.htm
ii. Windows on the world. http://www.wotw.org.uk
iii. The ands on Europe Project. http://www.pioneer.cwc.net/home.htm
ICT and the internet in particular provide language learners with the opportunity to use the language being learnt in meaningful ways in authentic contexts. The internet provides an easy and fast access to the use of current and authentic materials in the language, which is motivating for the language learner. Such authentic materials include, for instance, online newspapers, webcasts, podcasts, newsroom video clips and sharing websites such as you-tube. Language teachers who earlier searched and carried authentic materials like maps and train timetables to classrooms, can now ask learners to access such information online, thus helping the learner with current and real time materials.
Another important benefit derived from the use of ICT in a language classroom is based on the opportunities it affords for collaboration with one’s peers. Language teachers can introduce ICT – enhanced language learning projects, including simulations, between their students and groups in other places or countries, thus widening the language learning perspective into that of learning about the cultural context of the language being used. Previously students would write letters or even e-mails to each other. Today, using ICT they can ‘Skype’ or chat online, where they can not only write to each other in real-time, but also see each other and speak to each other online. Students are thus able to write, read, speak, listen and react to a conversation using ICT as part of the language learning process.
Another motivating language learning opportunity using ICT is provided by chat rooms and virtual environments such as “second life” where a language learner can practice not only the written use of language, but also practice speaking and pronunciation of a language without the fear of making mistakes.
Another major benefit of the use of ICT in classroom language learning is the opportunity that ICT based tools gives to language teachers. ICT-based tools give language teachers the opportunity to teach their learners more efficiently. With the help of ICT-based tools they are able to give individual and personalized guidance to the learner. The use of media-audio, video, authentic context help language learners with different learning styles to assimilate the content according to their needs in a learning environment that uses ICT tools. It is easier for the language teacher to use different approaches with students and accommodate different learning styles and the different needs of fast, slow or handicapped language learners.
Furthermore ICT can be used in some of the following ways in language teaching and learning.
Some institutions can offer language courses as online course or by using different technologies (e.g. TV, radio) that are supplemented by online activities. One of such offering is the ‘redaktion –D’ German language course of the Goethe-institut (http://www.redaktion-d.de/lang_english/0_0_start.shtml) which is available as a face-to-face course supplement, a radio course, a television course, a blended learning course, and a distance education course. German language learners can thus select the type of course that suits their needs, learning preferences, technical skills, infrastructure, and geographical area.
Existing on-campus language courses can be supplemented with course websites and online interactions.
Language courses can be offered completely online with no classroom-based component (online courses).
Mobile learning options can be included in the language curriculum (Kukulska H and Tranxler, 2005).
Virtual learning environments (e.g. second life) can be used for foreign language learning purposes.
OBSTACLES TO ICT BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING
As we have seen, language teaching and learning are essential to the fabric of a developing nation. Rapid advances in the development of ICT have simultaneously been seen to offer new opportunities for enhancing the quality and effectiveness of language teaching and learning.
Although technology is increasingly prevalent in everyday life, a number of educational institutions in Nigeria and in other parts of the world have been perceived as either lagging behind in fully recognizing these opportunities or are still struggling with the challenges of implementing them. Examples abound in many Nigerian schools, universities and adult education institutions where they are yet to integrate ICT into their language teaching and learning activities. As well some language teachers in foreign language learning are yet to enhance their current use of ICT. Reports show that the kind of change expected as a result of the ICT implementation in Nigeria’s educational institutions and other parts of the world had not taken place. Studies indicate that the teachers’ use of ICT had increased over years; this use seemed to be mostly related to administrative issues and not in pedagogical innovations. In fact, in their use of ICT in teaching, some teachers still tend to apply traditional methodologies.
Reports confirm that whether ICT use will deliver its potential depends to a large extent on how teachers use ICT within the language teaching and learning process. Many ICT impact report indicates that the majority of teachers have not yet embraced new pedagogical practices in their use of ICT and that some teachers do not feel sufficiently confident in exploiting ICT to support new approaches in their language teaching practices.
Even when teachers are willing to adopt ICT practices, many institutions in Nigeria and in other parts of the world do not invest enough funds in ICT infrastructures. The result of this is that training needs for language teachers for adopting totally ICT approaches to materials and class preparation is not there. Other digital technologies that are now available and that can engage and motivate learners are not provided. Again ICT awareness of administrative staff at educational institutions are often ignored and not provided. Lack of funds also militates against the effectiveness of some online educations and e-learning centers. Whereas for online learning to achieve outcomes that are equivalent to outcomes achieved in other delivery modes, educational institutions should invest enough funds to improve quality of learning in such e-learning centers.
Low technical skills are cited as a major obstacle to ICT enhanced teaching and learning. Besides investing enough funds in infrastructure for ICT, determining the existing in educational institutions helps to show the gap in teacher’s knowledge institutions to craft ICT programmes for language teachers. The technical skills and ICT awareness of administrative staff at educational institutions should also be considered. ICT can be tremendously useful for administrative personnel involved in reaching out to learners in distant education and e-learning institutions.
The absence of face-to-face interaction is another challenge for language teachers who are used to high level of interaction with learners in the language classroom environment. Some of the teachers might not be comfortable asking students to use online resources because of the reading level or the credibility of the websites. Other teachers could be convinced of the benefits of online technologies for teaching and practicing writing skills but might doubt whether students can learn to speak a language when using only online technologies to learn a language. Yet others could find it difficult to moderate in an online discussion forum and would prefer that beginners will not be exposed to inaccurate or in appropriate use of language online.
CONCLUSION / RECOMMENDATION
This paper has tried to consider the use of ICT in language teaching and learning, and has come out with a clear stand that integrating ICT into language teaching and learning will contribute significantly to effective teaching and learning. In view of this stand the paper proposes the following:
In the teaching and learning of languages, many computer assisted softwares have been of tremendous help. With the introduction of ICT varieties of computer assisted programs have been developed for the fur major language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing.
When teaching or using ICT in language courses, teachers spend a lot of additional time researching online materials, drafting e-mails, participating in chat of instant message sessions or reading and responding to online discussion posting. Therefore, academic institutions are recommended to consider additional ways to appreciate and or reward the times spent on such activities. Besides incentives for the development of online course materials and formats, continuing support for language teachers in their use of e-learning should not just include technical support, but also instructional support, workshops and seminars as well as collaborative relationships are different ways of encouraging teachers to share methods of using online technologies. Sharing the best practice and feedback can help teachers tremendously because they not only model their use of technology but also discuss, question and criticize ICT use for language learning. Moreover, collaboration and sharing between teachers of the same language or different languages can decrease feelings of isolation faced by teachers as they begin experimenting with ICT.
Experience has shown that training projects that involve and lead to networking among language teachers no matter whether that networking takes place within their own institution, locally, nationally or internationally, are beneficial for development and promoting the use of ICT in language teaching and learning. Therefore language teachers need to be encouraged and supported in their efforts to interact with other colleagues and share their experience.
Institutions should identify the need for digital facilities for language learning purposes of such institutions
On-line technical training in using ICT can be provided to language learners who are using ICT for the first time or are not confident using ICT.
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How literate are language teachers? ELTT annual conference,
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And challenges. The internet TESL Journal, vol. iii, No. 6 June (Retrieved June, 2005)http://iteslj.org
GLOBALIZATION THROUGH COMMUNICATION
The importance and role of communication are over-riding and all pervading in business as well as in all human endevours. Communication is so constant and widespread that one cannot escape its influence. Without it people would be isolated and unable to give and receive ideas. Civilization itself would be impossible. However, the breakthroughs in communication in the past decades and in our 21st century have spurred increases in cross-border trade, investment and migration so large that many observers believe and we now claim we live in “one world” the globe world. Globalization is the process by which people in the world are unified into a single society and function together. This paper tried to show how communication platforms have spawned a new age of connectivity in culture, society, economy, social life, technology, and politics in relationship of millions of people in the globe.
INTRODUCTION
When in the 1960s the pioneering media thinker, Marshall Mclulan coined the term “the global village”, he had in mind the impact of electronic media on the society. Today the notion or phenomenon called globalization has become a highly controversial one in political and social discourse; there are many perspectives as there are groups with conviction on the concept. In general, globalization refers to the trend towards countries coming together economically, through education, society and politics, and viewing themselves not only through their national identity but also as part of the world as a whole.
Lubbers and Koorevaar (1999:2) provide one of the most useful definition of globalization.
Globalization in their definition is a process in which geographic distance becomes a factor of diminishing importance in the establishment and maintenance of cross-border economic, political and socio-cultural relations. This process reaches such intensity that relations change fundamentally, and people become aware of the change. The potential internationalization of relations and dependences create opportunities, but also cause fear, resistance, actions and reactions.
Arguments for globalization include the following:
• It is reducing poverty worldwide
• It is allowing access to technology in developing countries
• It promotes world peace
• It has benefited women and children’s rights
• It raises life expectancy.
The term globalization or global village can be traced to McLuhan (1965); and it emanates from his message that the medium is the message. This view can be applied to aspects of the new media such as the internet and the world wide web. Globalization is a highly controversial term and its definitions are influenced by different perspectives: social, cultural, political and economic. In commenting on the role of globalization, Soola (2002 17-18) presents a political and socio-economic view in:
Globalization marks the historic watershed in the west’s attempt to consolidate the gains of colonialism and its drive for expanded spheres of influence. Ostensibly designed to actualize the dream of the global village..it has… become a weapon of subordination, dependency and marginalization…. It serves to further accentuate the socio-economic and technological divide between these bipolar economic regions of the world, the south being the worse off.
Aborisade (2005: 3) claims that, “the history of globalization is the history of economic trade and economic expansion facilitated by technology”. This has resulted in economic relations and activities influencing technology. The notion of globalization was built on the concept of a global village that reflects a world that is interconnected and interdependent and its agents are information, the new technologies and economic neo-liberalism.
A major disadvantage of globalization is that it does not promote development in the sense that it leaves other parts of the world economically, socially, culturally and technologically dependent on other privileged parts of the world. In spite of the immense opportunities that the new media present, they also carry great risks: the globalization of the world economy/trade and the uneven international news flow pattern will lead to developing nations lagging even far behind in economic growth and development.
UNIVERSAL METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
Jayaweera (1991: 17) defines communication as “an interaction process through which persons or groups relate to each other and share information, experience and culture”. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2000) defines communication as the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or giving people information. The definition points to the fact that communication involves sharing or exchange of a number of things. It includes sharing information, ideas and feelings between people or among nations. Communication is a two process. When you communicate, you perceive the other persons responses and react with your own thoughts and feelings. This is only by paying attentions to the person that you have an idea about what to say or do next. So it is through communication that collaboration and co-operation occur.
There are many methods in which communication can be transmitted universally. Some of these methods include the following.
Printed material
A great deal of our post consist of printed documents in the form of brochures, magazines, and newsletters, many of which originate from outside, although this format is also common for cooperate communication. Depending on the production values and the number of colors, printed materials can be expensive to produce and replicate, except at high volumes
Fax
This uses public telephone system as a way of delivering paper documents from one place to another, especially in a situation where a hard copy original is not essential.
E – MAIL
This has become the primary means of delivering short text messages within organizations that are networked. As e –mail between organizations become more common, the medium will increasingly take the place of fax, particularly as whole document can be sent as e-mail attachment. E-mail provides many cost advantages when compared with the use of paper or the telephone.
Letters / Reports
In spite of the increase in electronic communication, we all seem to receive our fair share of message on paper. This may be if there is no e-mail link between the parties because a hard copy is required to meet audit or legal requirement or perhaps the recipient prefers to read from paper than screen.
Phone
It is universal and with the advent of voice mail and mobile phones is now possible to reach people practically anytime, anywhere. Conferencing facilities also make it possible for meeting of three or more people to take place remotely.
Radio / TV
Both are universal forms of mass media which rely on electric power to get their messages to the audience.
GLOBALIZATION THROUGH COMMUNICATION
Rapid improvements in information technology have allowed us to exchange information and communicate almost everywhere, anywhere and anytime. The nature of business and how it is done globally have also improved tremendously through communication.
Through communication we observe the following trends in globalization:
Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy.
Increase in international flow of capital including foreign direct investment.
Increase in world production output and consumption.
Greater trans – border data flow, using such technologies as the internet, communication satellites and telephones.
Development of global telecommunications infrastructure.
Greater immigration, including illegal immigration and others.
Another remarkable effect of communication on globalization is in the use of telephone and television. Telephone has made it possible for young people and adults around the globe to share cultural and ethnic experiences with each other. The television has also allowed generations of people to see how other people live, think and feel in other parts of the globe. In full color, we can now “meet” new people and cultures without even having to take a single step outside our home. With just the use of remote, right in comfort of our homes, we can explore different worlds that we know without the visual and sounds transmitted through our TV. Telephones have also improved communication. Gone are the weeks and even months of waiting for letters. Anybody can talk to anyone who has another phone regardless of the distance or location in the planet. With the aid of satellites, 3rd generation phones allow us to make a phone call, send video, or even receive an e-mail. Because of these developments in the field of communications technology, no two countries are really apart. So these breakthrough in communication have revolutioned business, commerce, and even the personal lives and relationship of millions of people.
The mass marketing of computers and the wide availability of internet services have brought many parts of the world together, as if we were woven on a single pattern or web of daily life. Countries today do not just export raw materials or the usual projects. Global exchange is now taking place as the market of ideas, culture, and beliefs expand through the use of technology.
Because of the electronic media, vast amount of important information can reach any part of the world in no time. Business establishments, whether big or small are using the internet in many ways to build or expand their company’s growth. With the ever improving technology comes new markets, high demand for products and also greater competition. Making investments in information and communications technology is now a must for any business enterprise.
Another form of improved technology is the fusion of the internet and the fax machine, giving birth to internet faxing. Internet faxing is faster and more economical than traditional faxing. It is a general term which refers to the convenient use of faxing technology over the internet. It is a method of using e-mail or a particular website like FREEIFAX that offers internet faxing services. FREEIFAX has combined the speed and efficiency of e-mails and the low cost sending or broadcasting documents. Through e-mails, the faxes are sent faster and frees the subscriber from the time consuming task of making several phone calls to check if the transmitted document actually got through. This kind of service enables business companies to save time and money. Additionally FREEIFAX internet does not require the purchase of another additional configuration or phone lines. All that is needed is a computer with an internet connection and e-mail account.
To avail one of this internet service, all one has to do is to visit the FREEIFAX site and signup. By signing up, consumers are allowed to gain access to incoming and outgoing fax messages. These messages are accessible in most of the world where there is internet connection.
FREEIFAX is one of the internet faxing companies preferred by many individuals around the world. It boasts of thousands of satisfied users around the world. Again many economists claim that internet has created advantages for small and medium sized businesses around the world. This advantage can be utilized while avoiding many business obstacles by using internet faxing properly.
In our world, there are many places that we can’t get within a day’s travel, but some people can reach such places via telephone or internet. Because of these modern modes of traveling and communication, citizens of a nation are more conscious of the world at large and may be influenced by other cultures in a variety of ways. Time and space matter less, and even language barriers are being overcome as people all over the world communicate through social internet forums’, various media sources and a variety of other forms of communication.
IMPACT OF COMMUNICATION ON GLOBALIZATION
We have attempted in this paper to examine the concepts of globalization and communication. It is obvious that communication has both positive and negative impact on globalization. Some of the positive impacts have so affected the globe today in the following ways:
Communication facilitates information among generation of people and promotes economic developments of nations.
Communication promotes world peace. Nations today experience relative peace among themselves; this is as a result of peaceful coexistence, deliberations resulting from communication with one another.
The interactions that exist among countries of the world through communication has made these countries to be socialized and recognized.
There will be no successful transaction of business amongst countries involved in world trade if there is break-down in communication. So effective communication promotes world trade.
Communication promotes exchange of ideas and technology. Communication between two or among nations bring the countries in contact with one another’s culture, thereby creating the opportunity for exchanging forms of technology and other ideas.
Some of the negative impacts of communication on globalization are as follows:
Communication among the nations today has contributed to wide spread of corrupt practices among nations.
Improper communications on politics, economics and even language barrier can cause misunderstanding among nations which can create havoc and enemity among the nations
Improper deliberations and breakdown in communication among nations could result to war among nations.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This paper considered the role of communication in the globalization trend. The study looked at the universal methods of communication which includes printed materials, fax, e-mail, phone, radio, TV, video conferencing, internet forum, and other varieties of communication. The paper tried to establish the fact that citizens of our great nations are more conscious of the world at large through the use of the modern modes of communication.
Time and space matter less and even language barriers are being overcome as people all over the world communicate using different mode of communication. Furthermore, that the breakthrough in communication in the past decades and in our 21st century have spurred increases in the share of economic activities taking place across national boundaries otherwise called globalization. This globalization also goes beyond just the international trade in goods and services, it includes the way those goods and services are produced, the delivery and sales of services, and the movement of capital.
Finally the effects of globalization through communication are well established.
The impact of communication on globalization has both positive and negative effects. The breakthroughs in communication have revolutionized business, commerce, and even the personal lives and relationships of millions of people in the globe.
In conclusion therefore, the challenges of globalization necessitate that countries develop their information and communication infrastructure and create an enabling environment for information and knowledge sharing. To this effect, the paper recommends that African countries and other nations of the globe create opportunities to embark on nation-wide awareness programmes on modern information development issues and take concrete measures that would facilitate their digital inclusion.
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Thursday, August 5, 2010
Sunday, July 18, 2010
HOW TO PRODUCE YOUR OWN YOGHOURT RIGHT IN YOUR HOME
Yogurt is a dairy product, which is made by blending fermented milk with various ingredients that provide flavor and color. Yogurt is a fermented milk product with a custard-like consistency which differentiates it from other fermented milk products. The main ingredient in yogurt is milk. The type of milk used depends on the type of yogurt – whole milk for full fat yogurt, low fat milk for low fat yogurt, and skim milk for non fat yogurt. Other dairy ingredients are allowed in yogurt to adjust the composition, such as cream to adjust the fat content, and non fat dry milk to adjust the solids content. The solids content of yogurt is often adjusted above the 8.25% minimum to provide a better body and texture to the finished yogurt. Stabilizers may also be used in yogurt to improve the body and texture by increasing firmness and helping to keep the fruit uniformly mixed in the yogurt. Stabilizers used in yogurt are, starch,Flour etc.
By this introduction i have bring to your door step the benefits of making yogurt at home as opposed to store-bought. Fortunately, making yogurt is simple. In this handout I will first list the basic steps, and then I will go into more detail about the options in each step. After reading this I expect that even if you had no clue about what yogurt is or how it is made, you would still see that you could make it easily.......................
Need the full e-book: e-mail us on: kenmoore002@yahoo.com
Saturday, July 17, 2010
Easy Ways Of Making Money Online Every Day
The internet is full of opportunities which no man can boast to make all the money on it. It requires your concentration and definition of exactly what you want from it. Define your expectations and you will see yourself happy making money even when you are asleep. It is open to all ages to go through for latest information like kind which improves one and in turn avail you the opportunity of making money for yourself.
Many companies today such as which has a great market world wide now have climbed to the level of advertising online thereby creating another opportunity for internet users like i and you to make money on commission base. That is to say you can engage yourself on survey online which only demands your overview of a particular product advertised online. You only need to say exactly your observation about the particular product and earn your money without any hitch.
You can make huge amount of money on forex trading. This because forex is the largest market in the whole world and highly profitable. All you need to do is to study and master the principles guiding the trend of the market. In forex trading you can decide on when to trade or not. You control your money instead of letting it unprofitable in the bank.
Blogging today has bring to the door of the least person in the society to benefit from the world of IT. All you need is to learn how to buiid blog, in the next 24-48hrs google would advertise on your blog and you make money through it when people read adverts placed on your blog even when you are not online.
Article writing is another profitable way of making more money because when you publish articles on your blog site thousand and millions of people read them online and you definitely drive traffic to your blog thereby making money even when you are asleep. People from around the world can equally make request of the book that become another extra-extra money making for you.
In summary, adhering to the above four options will definitely avail you the opportunity to make money online with ease. Many company need your contribution before producing there product world wide to avoid loss of producing the wrong product.
Being acquainted with the internet avails you the opportunity of making money online through blogging, article writhing, survey etc
Monday, May 24, 2010
HOW TO INSTALL SATELITE TELEVISION (FREE TO AIR, DStv, MY TV, HiTv ETC)
This practical approach e-book teaches you how to install all satellite no matter how it comes and the strategies that enables you have up to N200,000 monthly only on installations.
You can order your e-book by paying :
The sum of (N4500) cash into:
Guaranty Trust bank PLC
A/c name: Nwachukwu Kenneth Chinedu
A/c Number: 502-977-024-1590
Send me your payment details and email after payment is made via text message to 08030802203 or send me an email to kenmoore002@yahoo.com and your e-book Will be sent to you same day you make payment.
Do you have any questions/queries, simply call me on 08030802203 or email me at: kenmoore002@yahoo.com
HOW TO EARN A LOT OF DOLLARS ON THE INTERNET WITH YOUR BLOG SITE
Blog enables you advertise your business to the world market and in turn make money as well.
My e-book gives you all you want to make money with blog and allow people from other part of the world patronize your business either by buying your books or requesting for professional training from you.
To order your copy, pay the sum of (N3000) cash into:
Guaranty Trust bank PLC
A/c name: Nwachukwu Kenneth Chinedu
A/c Number: 502-977-024-1590
Send me your payment details and email after payment is made via text message to 08030802203 or send me an email to kenmoore002@yahoo.com and your e-book Will be sent to you same day you make payment.
Do you have any questions/queries, simply call me on 08030802203 or email me at: kenmoore002@yahoo.com
SOFTWARES FOR PRINTING RECHARGE CARDS
Guaranty Trust bank PLC
A/c name: Nwachukwu Kenneth Chinedu
A/c Number: 502-977-024-1590
Send me your payment details and email after payment is made via text message to 08030802203 or send me an email to kenmoore002@yahoo.com and your e-book Will be sent to you same day you make payment.
Do you have any questions/queries, simply call me on 08030802203 or email me at: kenmoore002@yahoo.com
DETAILED PROCEDURE ON HOW TO MAKE OVER N100,000 MONTHLY RIGHT FROM YOUR HOME PRINTING RECHARGE CARDS
I wrote this book in such a way that you don't need any professional knowledge to start the printing business with as low as N5000 (NGN).
You may have gone to seminars/workshop several places in search of how to start this business but all proved abortive because they may speak all the grammer to you but the last resort mat not point directly to what you wanted. This e-book is the answer! After going through the book you can start up same day.
If you wish to have one-on-one training on how to print recharge cards, make hundred’s of dollars with your blog site, make thousands of Naira from bulk sms, get software from Bodlink recharge card printing and finally how you can be a Laptop owner with as little as N15000 through network marketing you can acheive that with just N20,000.
We have limited space call now for you copy. DOn't miss this chance by any means.
To order Right Now, The sum of (N3500) cash Payment can be made to:
Guaranty Trust bank PLC
A/c name: Nwachukwu Kenneth Chinedu
A/c Number: 502-977-024-1590
Send me your payment details and email after payment is made via text message to 08030802203 or send me an email to kenmoore002@yahoo.com and your e-book Will be sent to you same day you make payment.
Do you have any questions/queries, simply call me on 08030802203 or email me at: kenmoore002@yahoo.com
Thursday, May 6, 2010
http://www.wispco.com/?ref=kenmoore002
Tuesday, January 19, 2010
How to Become a Great Investor
Dedicate Yourself To Learning
This is absolutely necessary if you want to become a success. Every great investor is dedicated to learning. Everyday they are learning something new about finance and something new about how to make more money and generate more income.
It is easy to get a lot of money. Rich people who know nothing about investing are a dime a dozen. For these people it is often best to hand over their money to someone who, hopefully, knows what they are doing more than them and can invest their money for them. But the greatest investors invest their own money and therefore are constantly investing into their knowledge base.
To get started it is a good idea to read some books on investing, listen to some tapes and maybe go to a seminar. A free email newsletter that talks about wealth is also great, because it will get you learning something every single week. People often scoff at paying money to learn about investing, saying they can't afford it. But they end up losing even more money investing because they don't know what they are doing. So don't be afraid to pay for your education, it could make you rich.
Don't Be Afraid To Lose A Little
Great investors seek to learn something from every trade they do, and thus they are not afraid of losing a little bit of money. Even if they lose money the lessons that they learned from the investment experience will help them make more money back quicker and easier than before.
If you have dedicated yourself to learning then you shouldn't be afraid of losing a little bit of money. It is good to understand that when you are starting to invest you shouldn't expect to make a lot of money straight away. It takes time and practice to become good enough at investing that you start to make a lot of money, and often you have to lose a little before you can make a lot.
I am not telling you to go and throw you money at any random investment because you don't care whether you lose your money. I am just saying that you should not let fear hold you back. So many people are average investors because they invest not to lose, they don't invest to win. Do your research and your due diligence and then invest seeking to learn something (and hopefully make money). If you lose a little then learn from the experience and become wiser, then use your new knowledge to make your money back.
Invest
I know this sounds obvious, but in order to become a great investor you need to actually invest. It is great to read books and to study and go to seminars, but eventually you have to take the step of faith and start investing. Start investing your time into studying and learning about specific investment vehicles and then start investing your money into those investment vehicles.
Putting money into something really accelerates the learning process. Every time you invest your money into something it is a good idea to learn from the experience. That way whether you make money or not, you are learning how to make more money quicker next time. So if you want to become a great investor you need to have the goal of learning something new from every investment you do.
My wife said something profound the other day. She said "If you want to become rich you have to be ok with the fact that you will be a student for the rest of your life". The financial market is always changing and there are always things to learn. If you want to become rich by being a great investor you have to be ok with the fact that you will always be a student of wealth. Because to become a great investor you have to continually learn, not be afraid of losing some money and be willing to constantly take steps out into the unknown so you can make money and so you can learn.
Your next step towards becoming rich is to increase your financial IQ through education. By educating yourself in the area of finances you will be able to get a greater return on investment and you will be able to earn more with less work and less risk. Does that sound good to you?
If you want to increase your financial IQ and start becoming rich then I recommend the free newsletter and audio teaching that Rich Academy provides. If you want to start becoming rich today then go to http://www.richacademy.com and enter your name and email address to get a free copy of Ryan McLean's audio teaching. Hurry, this offer is available for a limited time only.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ryan_Mclean
Ryan Mclean - EzineArticles Expert Author
Saturday, January 9, 2010
Learn How People Are Using Blogs to Make Money By Michael Sanofsky
A blog is a type of website. Many blogs provide commentary or information on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs or web sites. Those who use blogs are allowing other people to read and see information about the blogger's life. Of course there are restrictions that people can place on their websites making it so only a select few people are able to access the site, but many blogs are wide open for the public to view. Blogging is a new way of sharing and viewing information, and it is becoming very popular worldwide.
A lot of people are familiar with blogging, they are very user friendly and they can be a great way to share information. But, what most people aren't familiar with is that these sites can be a very popular tool to making money. Imagine marketing to millions of people for free! At the beginning of 2008 there was an estimated number of 112,000,000 blogs; two years later is guaranteed to be much more.
People are using these sites to spread information to millions of people. This information can be found all over the world in the manner of seconds. Never before has there been a way of advertising so fast and for free. Word of mouth is the fastest and most efficient way of marketing ideas and products.
In my opinion the internet is the most powerful marketing tool available. Mastering free methods of marketing such as blogging helps a person become very rich.
I've been trained and mentored by some of the best online marketers on the web today. Our team is one of the best in the business. You can learn how to use free methods of marketing, such as blogging, to make you lots of money online. I would love to help you make a change in your life, and help you learn how to make money online. Take a look at http://www.todaysbiz.org and make a change in your life today!
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Sanofsky
Blog Advertising - 7 Ways to Treat Your People Well in Email Group By Ellery Leung
Have a Website That Works
What do you feel if you click on a website URL but it does not load? It is so frustrating and annoying if it really happened. Therefore, unless you do not want to have any visitors coming to your website, you have to make sure that your website is working well.
Your website should be reachable and browseable by visitors. For example, if the size of an image is too large, visitors will take longer time to load it. So try to reduce the image size to 50k or 100k less would be better. You should also check if there are any links that are not working, or point to an incorrect page. Such problem is also very annoying to visitors. At last but not least, if your site is too complicate to be used by visitors, consider using a simple content management system or just rewrite it.
Your site should be able to handle a lot of traffic
Too many visitors flooding to a particular site at a specific time will create a problem. It is especially true if you are using shared sites or free blog services. It is because most of the server hardware are not designed to handle thousands or even millions visitors at the same time. Therefore, it is wise to consult your hosting provider or server hardware seller and see if the hardware can afford the traffic came from email group. By the way, even if many blogging software is optimized for traffic flooded, it is much better to drop an email and ask if the software can really handle a lot of traffic.
Understand your visitors
By the nature of email groups, people can "Read" what is going on easily. Therefore, it is usually an opportunity to understand the trend on different groups. You can do this by analyzing the number of posts on certain topic, or see what are the keywords that are most mentioned in the email group.
Here are some ways that you can understand your visitors better.
* First, find out your most popular entries that generate a lot of traffic in the email group.
* Secondly, read your blog comments and review all discussion threads.
* Third, check your blog status, like traffic for specific posts, regularly to understand where is the place that your visitors go often.
Those are all valuable data that gives you great insight and approach your visitors much better.
Create Interaction
Remember that your visitors are willing to communicate with you through your blog. Therefore, you should try to spend some time on replying your visitor's queries and comments in your blog. Do not just leave messages like "Thank you for your comment" or "Great to see you". Read and understand their message and reply to them, in order to make more interactions with your visitors.
Offer relevant information to diverse groups
Providing relevant content is essential in order to treat your visitors well. No matter how diverse your email groups you are participating, it is still required to provide relevant information to different groups so as to cater for their needs. Therefore, you need to treat your visitors from email group well by focusing on your blog content
Provide alternatives
Sometimes you will find that different content can bring unexpected visitors. So even if your site has a main theme on one topic, you can still provide contents that may be slightly different, but in some ways it is still related, to your main theme.
Treat your visitors politely
Even if you have a completely different perspective on certain problems, treating your visitors politely is always required. So you are required to give respect to people who comes to your blog, no matter he is from email group or not. Never write any insulting comments because, every person should have their rights to express themselves and their own opinions.
Ellery is an Internet Marketer who are actively helping people who has different problems on Internet marketing. His flagship website http://www.howtomakemoneyby.com
provides over 800 articles on affiliate marketing, online marketing, SEO, ECommerce and more. Now you can get a $97 value "Website Advertising Guide" which tells you 6 strategies on advertising on internet for F-R-E-E at http://www.howtomakemoneyby.com
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ellery_Leung
Ellery Leung - EzineArticles Expert Author
Custom Blog Creation - A Major Marketing Strategy By Sasha K.
Creating a blog and attaching it to your website is as essential part of being visible and succeeding in the Internet, today. Blogs are important when it comes to complex algorithmic calculations for page ranking and it allows you to constantly add and update new details, content and keywords to your site, which is definitely great for your business, as it makes you more visible.
Imagine your site as a small spot in the web. Unless, you increase the spot - make it bigger and larger with the help of more and more new content, people will miss you and your site - here lies the great opportunity of custom blogging.
There are companies that will help you to create, design and set up your own custom blog. The companies can also write the content of your blog and update them regularly, if you do not have the time for it.
They will also help you create plug-ins that can be used with social networking sites like Facebook or Digg - this will allow your blog reader to share your blog with the world and thereby add to your visibility. Thus, it is not at all difficult to have a custom blog - all you need to do is get started in the direction, and you are all set to increase the interest in your business manifold.
Remember that the blog that you create is a long-term commitment. So make sure that the company that you assign to create your blog is experienced in the business. Different companies offer different services, so make sure that you choose a company that offer you the specific services that you need.
Quality and Quantity - both are important
The more regularly you update the content of your blog, the more popular will it be. However, at the same time, you cannot afford to sacrifice on the quality of the blog posts. This is because, unless the search engines find your post relevant to the search word, they will not show your site on the result page. Therefore, you need to find a quality custom blog creating company that can give equal emphasis to both quality and quantity.
Finally, remember that custom blogging is a path breaking way of boosting your traffic and interest in your site - in the most cost effective manner. It creates fresh content for the search engine spider every few days and thus, search engines will keep returning to your site. Creating a blog hardly costs you much, so make full use of this extremely dynamic marketing tool.
http://www.eliteseomarketing.com
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Sasha_K.
Making Money Online is Shockingly Easy With Opt in Email Lists By Graeme Ashe
Webmasters really want visitors to sign up to their site. They will even offer visitors a complimentary e-book or similar digital product to get them to sign up for their opt in email lists. Why is it so important to get people signed up? They know that if they can keep in contact with their subscribers they will have a better chance of getting to know them properly. If they know them well enough they will have a better chance of making sales. Sending spam is illegal and can tarnish the companies image. Opt in mailing lists are the choice of professional internet marketers.
Getting visitors to opt in is great for your business however sometimes people sign up their friends or family without permission. Double opt in email lists help to ensure that everyone signed up has actually given their permission to be on the list. Double opt in means that all subscriptions are confirmed again, after sign, up via email. This is a way of double checking the email address entered belongs to the person who originally signed up and wants the information.
If you know what you are doing building opt in email lists will be a breeze. It will take time but it will be worth it. Any time invested in building and maintaining opt in lists will be rewarded with greater sales and increased profits.
Do you want your online business to make more cash? You should become a whiz at running opt in email lists.
Turn lists into profit with my free ebook SuperBadassListBuilder!
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Graeme_Ashe
Graeme Ashe - EzineArticles Expert Author
Email Marketing That Works By Ronald Reyes
For email marketing to be effective, both the email creatives and its corresponding landing page must be both properly conceptualized and well designed. The email must entice the reader first to open it and then motivate them to click through to the landing page. Remember that email creatives are just "teasers" while the landing page is the "feature presentation". If you were able to catch the attention of your customers through your email creatives, you must sustain this interest in the landing page where the call to action is presented. If either one of these did not meet its particular goal, the whole marketing scheme is a failure.
When designing email creatives, the following tips can serve as a guideline:
• Customers can have varying preferences. Provide the option to choose between the HTML or text version of your email.
• Logos are ideally placed on the upper left corner of the page for maximum exposure and recall.
• The top two to four inches of your email is the prime reading space. Take this into consideration when designing your creatives to increase message exposure through preview boxes.
• Keep messages short and direct to the point. Long messages that need to be scrolled down can be annoying to readers.
• Avoid using different fonts and colors. Keep your designs easy on the eyes.
• The call to action must be prominent and clear. Complicated procedures can turn off customers.
• Never use one huge image with just a "click here" button on it. Customers might think it contains viruses and rather hit the delete or spam button instead of even looking at your landing page. Always include some text clearly stating what's in store for the customer.
• It is also advisable to keep images and links below a file size of 55k as larger files can be filtered out as spam.
• Flash presentation can be a stunning feature but it can also be removed by anti-virus programs trying to protect email programs getting infected. So don't bother including one in your email.
• Use technology which is compatible with the latest and most popular email software and webmail platforms such as BlackBerry's and iPhones.
• Monitor and track the success of your emails (how many people click on which links within the email etc.). Based on the results, make the necessary changes to improve the effectiveness of your email creatives.
An effective landing page converts click through's into leads and sales. When designing a landing page, the following tips can be a great help.
• Make sure that content on your landing page is relevant to your email campaign.
• It is a good idea to mirror the landing page headline to your email campaign so that customers can quickly see their connection and relevance to each other.
• Place the most important information where it is most likely to be read (at the top and/or to the left of the page).
• Make sure your copy is easily scannable.
• Present your call to action in a clear and easy to understand manner so that your customer knows what to do next and are directed to the end goal.
If your are interested to know more about and take advantage of the potential of email marketing, we at PeopleTalk Contact Solutions inc. can help you. We can help you create an email marketing campaign that works. Visit our website at http://peopletalk.com.ph/ for more information.
Ron Reyes works as a writer for PeopleTalk Contact Solutions Inc., a Philippine based BPO offering outsourcing services: inbound/outbound call services, seat leasing, web design & development, SEO/internet marketing and graphic design.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ronald_Reyes
4 Practical Tips For Starting an Email Mail List and Running it Successfully By Graeme Ashe
You are going to have to put some effort into building your list of contacts. Remember that everyone on your list needs to have given you their consent to be on your list.
Some visitors to your site may be apprehensive to sign up. Here are a few ways of enticing visitors to join:
- Run a competition on your website and offer a cool prize. The will entice people to join your email mail list.
- Offer something up for free e.g. e-book or template. Everyone loves a freebie and this will encourage them to join your email mail list.
- Manage your list with list management software.
- Ensure that it is easy and simple to sign up for your email mail list. If its a difficult process no one will join.
You should manage the frequency of your communications carefully. You don't want to alienate people by sending them messages once a day. You don't want your subscribers to un-subscribe.
Your first task is to create your list and your next task is to work hard at maintaining it. You want to ensure that your emails are being delivered to the right people at the right time.
Your subscribers will stay subscribed if you send them valuable information they can use. Your aim is to keep them interested with good meaningful content!
Your marketing success is determined by the quality of your email mail list. Click the previous link to visit my blog for more insights and strategies.
My FREE e-book is waiting for you to download Click Here!. It reveals the secrets behind successful internet marketing.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Graeme_Ashe
Graeme Ashe - EzineArticles Expert Author
How to Start Your Internet Business the Right Way By Daniella Prym
So start slowly and build methodically. Learn one skill at a time and then work on it. Put it into action. One of the best places to start is writing articles. It is usually free and a great place to put a link to your website. Your primary goal should be marketing your product or service, so writing articles on subjects that give information on how to use your product would be good.
Maybe you are selling a service, you might be a real estate agent and want to build an Internet Business where people can initially view houses online before actually visiting the property. Write articles about the community or city where you have your business. Write about the schools, or festivals or some interesting history. Get to be known as a person who cares about the community and your potential clients.
Become an expert about your product or service. This is the information age and people spend hours on the computer oftentimes solely for the purpose of learning. So keep in touch with what is developing in your particular niche and pass that information on. The websites, blogs, articles that are visited the most are the ones that are most informative. Learn what the successful people are doing and follow their lead.
If you are selling a product, it should go without saying that you are using that product yourself. People will know if you don't and you will lose your credibility.
People who are passionate about this product, who love what they are doing are the most successful. So for your Internet Business, always chose some thing you love and that enthusiasm becomes contagious. Never give up. Those who persevere win the race.
Daniella Prym has had over 25 years of business experience. She has owned three of her own enterprises and is now starting a fourth. She loves new challenges and helping people be successful. Her particular love of the Internet stems from the fact that she loves to travel and can do her business from anywhere. If you liked this article, visit: http://LadyDforChange.com
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Daniella_Prym
How to Make 1 Million Dollars on the Internet By Anthony Tomei
Google it!
After setting the basics up.... Website, domain name, hosting account etc... You will need to start building an optin list or email list of subscribers. To do this you need to drive lots of traffic and leads to your webpage and you need to offer up something of value for free for them to optin to your list. Building your own email list and creating a relationship with that list is how the big money is made online especially when you have a list in the range of 50,000 subscribers or more. most internet gurus have at least 100,000 to 200,000 people on their lists. Very rarely do you find anyone building a list beyond that. The number one secret to building wealth online is building a list. The money is in the list! Always remember that.
It's all about the list!
There are many other methods to growing an existing list even bigger in scope and in size. Get to know the big names online and befriend these people. With an online business it's all about building relationships so when it comes time for them to send one of your products or affiliate programs to their list you benefit by growing your list even bigger. Sharing partnerships between 3 people who have substantial optin lists will make you a proud list owner. Many individuals have built internet empires from just a mailing list. So if you want to make 1 million dollars on the internet start building your list!
Anthony Tomei is an Expert Internet Network Marketer. Anthony is known as the Master Marketer and is the leader in the science of how to make money online. If you want to start building an optin list go here:
http://www.anthonytomei.com
mail to: makemoneynow@sendfree.com
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Anthony_Tomei
Anthony Tomei - EzineArticles Expert Author